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The UI code might be something like this: Dim result As Customer = Nothing Dim factory = New ChannelFactory(Of BusinessServiceIBusinessService)( _ "BusinessService") Try Dim proxy = factoryCreateChannel() Using TryCast(proxy, IDisposable) result = proxyUpdateCustomer(customer) End Using Finally factoryClose() End Try Overall, this model is straightforward the application server must simply expose a set of services that can be called from the UI to create, retrieve, update, and delete objects Each object can simply contain its business logic without the object developer having to worry about application servers or other details The drawback to this scheme is that the UI code must know about and interact with the application server If the application server is moved or some objects come from a different server, the UI code must be changed.

Moreover, if a Windows UI is created to use the objects and then later a web UI is created that uses those same objects, you ll end up with duplicated code Both types of UI will need to include the code in order to find and interact with the application server The whole thing is complicated further if you consider that the physical configuration of the application should be flexible It should be possible to switch from using an application server to running the data access code on the client just by changing a configuration file If there s code scattered throughout the UI that contacts the server any time an object is used, there will be a lot of places where developers might introduce a bug that prevents simple configuration file switching..

As you can see in both tables, calls across managed-unmanaged boundaries produced by C++/CLI can be more than 500 percent slower than calls without transitions. However, unless you have a large number of transitions, this overhead can likely be ignored. The difference in overhead between the 10 million calls to fManagedLocal from native callers (~2.12s) and the 10 million calls from managed callers (~0.32s) is about 1.8 seconds. In addition to the measured time, both tables also show the transitions that occur in the different scenarios. For example, for the direct call to fManagedLocal from managed code, the text M M shows that a call from managed code to managed code has occurred. Cells with the text U M indicate an unmanaged-to-managed transition. Likewise, M U stands for a managed-to-unmanaged transition. For the indirect call to fManagedLocal from managed code, the text M U M indicates a transition from managed code to unmanaged code and back to managed code. This is the double-thunking scenario discussed earlier. In addition to the double-thunking case, Table 92 also shows the cost for an indirect method call with a __clrcall function pointer, which can prevent double thunking, as discussed earlier. As you can see, double thunking can easily increase the costs for method calls by more than 600 percent. Table 9-3 shows similar results for the double-thunking problem related to virtual function calls.

Another option is to move the knowledge of the application server into the objects themselves. The UI can just interact with the objects, allowing them to load defaults, retrieve data, or update themselves. In this model, simply using the New keyword creates a new object:

Dim cust As Customer = New Customer() Within the object s constructor, you would then write the code to contact the application server and retrieve default values. It might be something like this: Public Sub New() Dim factory = New ChannelFactory(Of BusinessService.IBusinessService)( _ "BusinessService") Try Dim proxy = factory.CreateChannel() Using TryCast(proxy, IDisposable) Dim tmp = proxy.GetNewCustomerDefaults() _field1 = tmp.Field1Default _field2 = tmp.Field2Default ' load all fields with defaults here End Using Finally factory.Close() End Try End Sub Notice that the previous code does not take advantage of the built-in support for passing an object by value across the network. In fact, this technique forces the creation of some other class that contains the default values returned from the server. Given that both the UI-in-charge and class-in-charge techniques avoid all this extra coding, let s just abort the discussion of this option and move on.

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